Begins: Indians and Spanish expeditions

The areas of modern Sacramento were inhabited by the peoples of the Nisenan (Southern Maidu) and Miwok tribes thousands of years earlier, before Europeans reached them. Nevertheless, the Indians did not leave many traces of their presence.

According to various data, in 1799 or 1808, the Spanish traveler Gabriel Moraga discovered and named the Sacramento Valley and the Sacramento River. The artist who participated in the expedition described these areas with the following words: "Oaks and poplar, the grapevine accompanying them, hung on both sides of the blue corridor. Quarters on trees, birds and large fish seen through transparent waters in the depths. The air was like a champagne, the Spaniards were snuffed with it, drenched with the beauty surrounding them. Es como el sagrado sacramento! (It's like the Blessed Sacrament!)"

City establishment and gold fever

Historical Sutter's Fort in 2009; the main building was located in the offices of John Sutter

In 1839, among the settlers arriving in Sacramento, was Swiss John Sutter, who created the Sutter's Fort commercial colony (originally known as New Helvetia or New Switzerland). In 1847 Sutter planted over two thousand fruit trees, which started the birth of agriculture in the Sacramento valley. A year later, when James W. Marshall discovered gold deposits at the Sutter's Mill mine in Colomie (located about 80 kilometers from the fort), a large number of crusher seekers started to flow into the settlement, increasing the local population. John Sutter Jr. sought to implement his father's plans to transform the settlement into a city; he did, however, go against his opinion, for he decided to give him the name Sacramento, taken from the river nearby. To this end, he hired a topographer, William H. Warner, to draw up an official town plan, which then covered 26 streets with names and 31 numbered streets. The part of Sacramento, which was originally designated by William Warner, is located close to where the Sacramento and American rivers come into contact.

The people of Sacramento decided to adopt the urban character in 1849, which was approved by the state authorities in 1850. Sacramento is the oldest incorporated city of California (February 27, 1850). In the early 1850s, the Sacramento Valley was hit by severe floods, fires and cholera epidemics. However, despite these cataclysms, the newly built city experienced rapid growth, mainly due to the neighborhood of Sierra Nevada, where gold and silver were mined.

Chinatown residues

Sacramento in 1849

In the 1940s and 1850s, China was at war with Britain and France; the fighting was carried out on the fronts of the first and second opium wars. Both wars, and the wave of poverty and hunger that the country has endured, have led to Chinese immigrants entering the United States. Many of them were headed first to San Francisco (known as the "Dai Fow", the Grand City), which was then the largest city in California, and from there often moved to Sacramento (known as "Yee Fow", the Second City).

Sacramento visitors from China concentrated in the Chinatown district, located on the 2nd to 6th street. The history of the district has been marked by mysterious fires, acts of discrimination, and laws like the Chinese Exclusion Act, which have banned the newly arriving Chinese immigrants from living in the city. Their presence in Sacramento raised opposition, above all in the working class; local residents believed that the Chinese were taking their jobs. For this reason, various types of regulations were adopted to make it difficult for immigrants to build their homes, and the press presented them in a negative light, reinforcing ethnic discrimination. Despite these actions, the Chinese remained in Sacramento, and the district started to run a railway route. The Americans of Chinese origin made a major contribution to the development of the regional rail network and the construction of rivers there in the area.

While most of the historical Chinatown has been demolished, the rest is still inhabited by descendants of original Chinese immigrants. In addition, there is a museum devoted to the history of the area, as well as the contribution that the Americans of Chinese origin had to the development of the city.

Capital

Sacramento in 1857

California State Legislature, with the support of Governor John Bigger, established Sacramento as the capital in 1854. Under Spanish (and, subsequently, Mexican), the capital of California remained Monterey, where the first Constitutional Convention and the state elections took place in 1849. The Convention then decided that San Jose would be the capital. After the 1850s, when California's state was ratified, the state legislators held a meeting in Vallejo (1852) and Benicia (1853) until they finally moved to Sacramento. In 1961, due to the great flooding in Sacramento, the California legislature held sessions in San Francisco. In 1874, the Sacramento-based state capital was completed and in 1879 the Convention accepted that Sacramento would remain the permanent capital of California.

California State Capitol, released in 1874

In 1850, and then 1861, the people of Sacramento had to face the huge floods that sinking the entire city. After the 1850 disaster, the cholera and influenza epidemics in Sacramento paralyzed its functioning for several years to come. The inauguration of Governor Leland Stanford, who took up this post in 1861, took place on the village boats. The amount of water in the city was so large that, according to the story, Stanford got inside through a window on the second floor of the building. The floods forced the authorities and the community to take various measures to prevent such great damage in the future. To this end, the former first floors of buildings were changed in the basement, all pavements were "lined", and the losses in the walls were completely filled.

Thanks to its new status and strategic location, Sacramento experienced rapid growth, becoming the western end of the Pony Express horse mail. In the following years, the stop of the First Trancontinental Railway was created in the city - its construction started in 1863 and was financed by the so-called "The Big Four", that is, Mark Hopkins, Charles Crocker, Collis Huntington and Leland Stanford.

The same rivers, which until recently caused destruction and death, began to carry out transport and commercial functions, becoming key elements of the economic success of the city. Further public works projects have been implemented, largely funded by taxes on goods unpacked from the sacramento boats, which were then loaded into railway wagons at the historic Sacramento Rail Yards. Over time, rivers have also been used for recreational purposes.

Modern era

The Ziggurat Building in West Sacramento, seen from the opposite bank of the Sacramento River

The current Sacramento statute was adopted by the people in 1920, when the form of mayor-manager rule was established. As a city with its own statute, Sacramento is exempt from many laws and regulations adopted by the state legislature. As time went on, the city's boundaries were constantly expanding. In 1964, until now, the independent North Sacramento was included in Sacramento, and soon later Natomas followed. And so, the population of the city grew significantly over the 1960s, 1970s, 1980s and 1990s.

Built in 1935, Tower Bridge is now one of the most popular buildings in the city

The provider of electrical services to Sacramento County (and also part of its subordinate Placer County) is Sacramento Municipal Utility District (SMUD), which was established by residents in 1923. In April 1946, after 12 years of legal proceedings, Pacific Gas & Electric was deprived of the right to distribute electricity to SMUD. Today, SMUD is the 6th largest public electricity service provider in the United States, as well as one of the leaders in the introduction of innovative programs, led by solar power.

In 1947 the Sacramento-Yolo port district became operational, and two years later the construction of the Port of Sacramento began. On June 29, 1963, in front of 5,000 visitors, the first Taiwanese Taipei Victory ship was at the dock. The machine, newly painted for the event, was loaded with five thousand tons of rice bags for Mitsui Trading Co. Okinawa. Taipei Victory was the first ship to cross the ocean in Sacramento since the Harpoon steamer in 1934. During the period of the Vietnam War, the Port of Sacramento was the main loop on the route of supplies of military components, computer equipment and other cargo to South-East Asia. In recent years, the Port of Sacramento has recorded operational losses and is threatened with bankruptcy, mainly because of strong competition from a larger Port of Stockton, which also has a deeper channel. In 2006 West Sacramento took over responsibility for the operation of the port.

Built in 1984, West America Bank Building

In 1967, Ronald Reagan was the last Governor of California to reside in Sacramento. The estate, built in the suburbs specifically for Reagan, remained empty for nearly forty consecutive years, and the state authorities decided to sell it.

In the 1980s and 1990s, several local military bases were closed: McClellan Air Force Base, Mather Air Force Base and Sacramento Army Depot. In addition, in the 1980s, the city was hit by another large flood.

Released in 2008 US Bank Tower

In the early 1990s, Mayor Joe Serna began his efforts to bring the Los Angeles Raiders football team to Sacramento. By issuing bonds, the city received 50 million dollars, which was used to make the negotiations final. When the agreement was finally signed, money from the sale of bonds was used for several projects, including the extension of the Sacramento Convention Center Complex and the renovation of Memorial Auditorium. At the same time, Serna named one of the urban parks César Chávez, one of the leading figures in the fight for civil rights and social justice in the United States.

Despite the closure of military bases and the decline in the importance of the agricultural processing industry in the region, Sacramento has seen a steady increase in the population. This was influenced by the urban subsistence of the inhabitants of the nearby metropolitan area of San Francisco Bay Area and the influx of immigrants from Asia and Latin America. Between 1990 and 2000, the Sacramento population increased by 14.7%, while between 2000 and 2007 the city had 164,000 new inhabitants.

At the beginning of the 21st century, Mayor Heather Fargo failed to make taxpayers' money fund the construction of the sports arena, which was to be the new seat of the NBA team, Sacramento Kings. In November 2006, however, the city rejected the proposal to raise taxes in a referendum, and these plans were abandoned.

In 2002, Time weekly considered Sacramento the most diversified and, at the same time, the most integrated city in the United States.

Despite the decentralization of state bureaucracy, it is the state authorities that remain the biggest employer in Sacramento. For this reason, representatives of the city are making every effort to prevent the state agencies from being relocated outside the Sacramento borders.

Topography

River Sacramento, in the background the old sewage treatment plant

According to data from the United States Census Bureau, the city covers a total area of 259 km², of which 97.81% is land and 2.19% is water.

Ground waters are typically located at a depth of 9 meters. Much of the land to the west of the city (in Yolo County) is permanently reserved for the extensive flood-prevention pool (Yolo Bypass), due to the historical vulnerability of these areas to floods. As a result, the Sacrameneto metropolitan area extends only 6 kilometers west of the center, but occupies another 48 kilometers north and east and 16 kilometers south of the city center.

The city is located at the confluence of the Sacramento and American rivers, and has a deep-water port connected to the San Francisco Bay.

Climate

Sacramento lies in the Mediterranean climate zone (Köppen - Csa classification), characterized by wet/wet, mild winters and hot, dry summers. The rainy season usually runs from October to April, although light rainfall may occur in June or September.

The average annual temperature is 16,2 °C (61,1 °F), with monthly averages ranging from 7,7 °C (45,8 °F) in December to 24,1 °C (75,4 °F) in July. The summer heat is often offset by a sea breeze called the "delta breeze", which flows from the Sacramento-San Joaquin delta in the Bay of San Francisco. On average, over 74 days a year the temperature exceeds 32 °C (90 °F) and over 15 days a year exceeds 38 °C (100 °F). On the other hand, on average, during 16 nights a year the temperature drops below 0 °C.

On average, 96 days a year experience some mist, which usually occurs in the morning, especially in December and January. The fog in Sacramento can be very dense, lowering the visibility to less than 30 meters, making driving conditions dangerous. Mist is usually observed continuously for several consecutive days or even weeks; the temperature during such periods does not normally exceed 10 °C.

Snowfall is an extremely rare phenomenon in Sacramento, which is just 7.6 meters above sea level; in the winter months there is sometimes rainfall, but small enough that snow does not settle on the ground. The record snowfall in Sacramento was recorded on January 4, 1888, when its layer was 9 centimeters. The last large snowfall for these areas was recorded in 2002 and 2009. Significant amounts of snow accumulate each year at the foot of the mountain range located approximately 64 kilometers east of the city. During particularly sharp winters and spring storms, intense rainfall is accompanied by occasional hail.

The annual average of precipitation in Sacramento is 455 mm, spread over 62 days a year on average, mostly in the winter months. The average rainfall in January is 98 mm, i.e. almost 1/4 of the total annual rainfall in the city. In February 1992, Sacramento recorded 16 uninterrupted rainy days which gave a total of 163 mm of rainfall. A record wave of rain from April 20, 1880 brought a total of 184 mm of water. In rare cases, the monsoon moisture from the desert south increases the air humidity in the Sacramento region in summer, leading to clouds and even light rainfall and storms. These phenomena occur mainly between late July and early September. Sacramento is the second most flood-prone city in the United States, just behind New Orleans.

Sacramento was considered the most sunny place on Earth in four months, from June to September. July in Sacramento is the most sunny month in the world, thanks to exactly 14 hours and 12 minutes of sun (98% of possible sunshine).

The record temperatures recorded in Sacramento were -8 °C (18 °F) of 22 December 1990 and 46 °C (115 °F) of 15 June 1961.

According to the 2010 census data, the Sacramento population was 466,488 inhabitants and the population density was 1,799.2/km². The racial composition was then as follows: 45% of the population was white, 16.6% were African Americans, 17.8% were Asian, 1.4% were Pacific Island arrivals and 1.1% were Indians. Americans of Latin or Spanish origin accounted for 26,9% of the city's population; 22.6% of the entire population of Sacramento has Mexican roots. 12.3% of the population was of different breeds, while 7.1% was of at least two breeds.

The city had 174,624 households, of which 57,870 (33.1%) were inhabited by children under 18, 65,556 (37.5%) were heterosexual marriages, 27,640 (15.8%) were led by women (without a current husband a), 10 534 (6%) were led by men (without the current wife). 53,342 (30.5%) of all households were individuals, of which 14,926 (8.5%) were single people over 65 years old. In Sacramento, there were a total of 103 730 families (59.4% of total households) with an average size of 3.37.

Taking into account the age division, 116 121 (24.9%) of the city were under 18, 52 438 (11.2%) were between 18-24, 139 093 (29.8%) aged 25-44, population between 45-45 64 was 23.5% (109,416), while 10.6% (49,420) of the population were at least 65 years old. The average age oscillated around 33 years. Every 100 women had 94.9 men, and every 100 women over 18 had 92.2 men.

In Sacramento there were 190 911 dwellings, of which 86 271 (49.4%) were inhabited by their owners, and 88 353 (50.6%) by the tenant.

Sacramento is governed by a form of city manager council. The mayor is elected by universal suffrage and eight members of the city council represent the official districts in which Sacramento was divided. According to the Urban Manager-Council system, the role of mayor is limited and is almost to ceremonial functions. Instead, there is a function of a professional city manager (the City Manager), which is responsible for the administration and management, control of the activities of the city council and assistance in implementing its provisions, as well as monitoring the functioning of the urban services. In addition, the manager maintains intergovernmental relations with federal, state, county and other local authorities. In theory, the person holding the position of manager of a city should be apolitical.

At present, the former NBA player Kevin Johnson, the first African American in the history of the city to be elected mayor of Sacramento, serves as mayor of Sacramento.

Among the Sacramento-based corporations are: Sutter Health, Blue Diamond Growers, Aerojet, Teichert and The McClatchy Company.

In 2010, the region's largest employers were as follows:

Primary and secondary education

Sacramento is divided into several public school districts, the largest of which are Sacramento City Unified and Twin Rivers Unified. In 2009, their primary schools employed 9600 teachers and secondary schools 7410 (not including special or vocational teachers).

The city has several private Catholic schools, one Jewish school (Shalom School) and one Islamic school (Masjid Annur).

College and University

California State University Main Library, Sacramento

In the city and its surroundings there is a wide range of higher education institutions. Two major public universities are the most important; in addition, Sacramento operates a range of private universities, community colleges and professional schools.

Sacramento is located at the California State University, Sacramento, which was founded as Sacramento State College in 1947 and currently attends about 28,000 students. In the nearby Davis, one of the campuses of the University of California, UC Davis, operates in a distant location, offering science at faculties such as: UC Davis Graduate School of Management and UC Davis Medical Center (both of which are based in Sacramento).

The Los Rios Community College District brings together several two-year colleges from the Sacramento region, including the American River College, Cosumnes River College, Sacramento City College and Folsom Lake College.

There are a number of private universities in the city. These include The Art Institute of California - Sacramento, a subsidiary of The Art Institute of California, Los Angeles, which was established in 2007 and provides art science. The National University's regional campus in Sacramento specializes in education in areas such as business, health and education. The city also has long-distance campuses from Alliant International University, Golden Gate University, Drexel University and University of Southern California, as well as one of four branches of the University of San Francisco. Sacramento also includes McGeorge School of Law, one of the 100 best law universities in the United States, according to U.S. News & World Report (2006, 2007, 2008) and the Professional School of Psychology and Universal Technical Institute (UTI).

Reconstruction of the first permanent theater in California, Eagle Theater

Old Sacramento

The oldest part of the city, apart from Sutter's Fort, remains the Old Sacramento district, with historic paved streets and many historical buildings created in the 1850s and 1860s. These facilities have been renovated or reconstructed, and the district itself, which has the status of a state park, is one of the region's most important tourist attractions, with steam trains and wheeled-powered ships offered there.

B.F. Hastings Building, Western HorsemailPony Express

Among the buildings in Old Sacramento is the Lady Adams Building, constructed by passengers and the operation of the Lady Adams ship. Having survived the great fire of November 1852, the Lady Adams Building is the oldest (outside Sutter's Fort) permanent structure in the city.

Big Four Building

The Big Four Building, built in 1852, contained offices of so-called "The Big Four," Collis Huntington, Mark Hopkins, Leland Stanford and Charles Crocker. It is here that the Central Pacific Railroad and the Southern Pacific Railroad have been established. The building was destroyed in 1963 for the construction of the interstate road no. 5, but two years later it was reconstructed using original elements. Now the Big Four Building is called the National Historical Monument.

Another historical object is the B.F. Hastings Building, which was built in 1853. He was one of the first headquarters of the Supreme Court of California, hosted Theodore Judah's office (the founder of the First Trancontinental Railway), and was also the western stop of the Pony Express horse mail. An important element of the Old Sacramento remains the Eagle Theater, a reconstruction of the first permanent theater in California in its original location.

Theater

Sacramento Memorial Auditorium

Built in 2003 Wells Fargo Pavilion

In Sacramento there are several professional theaters, as well as about twenty social theaters. So, Sacramento is at the forefront of California cities in terms of the number of social theaters. The Sacramento Convention Center Complex is a small Community Center Theater with 272 seats. The Sacramento Ballet, Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra and Sacramento Opera are playing in this theater.

One of the newer theater facilities in the city is Wells Fargo Pavilion, which was put into service in 2003 and built on the foundations of the former tent of the music circus. During the summer in Sacramento, California Musical Theater exhibits its arts, while music circus performances are held throughout the year. From autumn to spring, Broadway Sacramento exhibits its own productions at the Convention Center Theater, while Sacramento Theater Company plays can be viewed on the main stage of the Equity House Theater. The B Street Theater is designed for a smaller audience, covering more important topics of professional art or children's theater.

Every summer, the Shakespeare Festival takes place in the William Land Park and the plays it presents are fighting for the Elly Awards, presented by the Sacramento Area Regional Theater Alliance (SARTA).

Visual arts

In 1977, the municipal authorities established the Sacramento Metropolitan Arts Commission, which enforces various programs for the promotion of art among the residents. Projects such as artistic education, art in public places, grants and cultural programs, or a poet support program have so far been implemented.

The Sacramento Second Saturday Art Walk program, on the other hand, brings together art galleries that remain open until late night on the second Sunday of each month, allowing local residents and tourists to familiarize themselves with original works of art and often talk to their authors personally.

Museums

Sacramento has several large museums. One of the most important is the Crocker Art Museum, the oldest public art museum west of the Mississippi River. In 2010, the three-year process of expanding the museum was completed and its surface area increased three times.

Another important object is the National Historical Monument of the Governor's Mansion State Historic Park, a great Victorian estate that in the past was home to 13 governors of California. In Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park, thoroughly renovated in 2006, diplomatic and business parties of state rank are held. The city includes The California Museum for History, Women, and the Arts, dedicated to the rich history of the state of California and the influence it has had on the world of innovation, art and culture. In addition, California Hall of Fame is located at this facility. The California State Railroad Museum in the Old Sacramento district offers historical exhibitions as well as rides with original steam trains. The Sacramento History Museum, located in the heart of the Old Sacramento, focuses on the history of the city, from the time before the great gold fever, to the present period. California Automobile Museum is dedicated to the history of automotive and automotive production since 1880; it is also the oldest non-profit museum dedicated to automotive in the western United States.

Every year, on the first Saturday of February, Sacramento is held Museums Day, during which 28 museums in the city offer free admission. In 2009, over 80,000 people participated in the campaign.

Left→ right: historical entrance to the Crocker Art Museum, newly built wing and entrance to the Crocker Art Museum, National Historical Monument Governor's Mansion State Historic Park, National Historical Monument of the Leland Stanford Mansion State Historic Park

Music and Movie

Sacramento is famous for its extensive stage of classical and jazz music. Regular concert series include: Sacramento Philharmonic Orchestra, Sacramento Baroque Soloists, Sacramento Choral Society & Orchestra, Sacramento Youth Symphony, Sacramento Master Singers, Sacramento Children's Chorus and Camellia Symphony. Every weekend Memorial Day in the city there is a jazz festival of Sacramento Jazz Jubilee.

Sacramento is the organizer of the annual Sacramento French Film Festival, during which the American premiers of novelty and classics of French cinema are held. In July, the Sacramento Japanese Film Festival is dedicated to Japanese film productions. The next summer festivals, the Trash Film Orgy, celebrates the cinema of "junk", absurdity, class B films and horror films, while the Sacramento Horror Film Festival focuses on all kinds of productions devoted to horror and macabre species, both film and theater.

View of the city panorama from Raley Field

Raley Field, home object of the Sacramento River Cats baseball team

Sacramento is represented in the National Basketball Association (NBA) by Sacramento Kings. In the past, the city had a representative in the Women's National Basketball Association (WNBA), now a no-longer-functioning Sacramento Monarchs team. Kings moved to Sacramento from Kansas City in 1985, and the Monarchs was one of the eight founding WNBA teams in 1997. Monarchs won the WNBA Championship in 2005, becoming the first professional sports team from Sacramento with the country's championship. Despite its successes, Sacramento Monarchs was disbanded in November 2009.

Sacramento Solons, the Minor League Baseball (MLS) team from the Pacific Coast League division, played in Sacramento several times (1903, 1905, 1909-1914, 1918-1960, 1974-1977 6), and its home object was Edmonds Field. In 2000, the city had another representative in MLS through Sacramento River Cats, with a home stadium in the form of Raley Field.

Over the years, the city has also played many teams from smaller sports leagues, such as three American football championships: Sacramento Surge of the World League of American Football (WLAF) (World Bowl II winner in 1992), Sacramento Gold Miners of the Canadian Football League (CFL) and Sacramento Attack of the Arena Football League (AFL); playing indoor football Sacramento Knights with Continental Indoor Soccer League (CISL); playing hockey on Sacramento River Rats rolls from Roller Hockey International (RHI). Sacramento is currently playing Sacramento Heatwave with the American Basketball Association (ABA) and Sacramento Mountain Lions of the United Football League (UFL).

The city is playing a feminine tennis tournament called FSP Gold River Women's Challenger, ranked ITF, with a prize pool of $60,000.

Roads and Motorways

Tower Bridge, connecting West Sacramento to Sacramento

The Sacramento region is served by several state roads and motorways. Motorway 80 (I-80) is the most important corridor between east and west, connecting Sacramento from San Francisco in the west and Reno in the east. Highway 5 (I-5) runs through Sacramento, heading north to Redding, where it bounces south, near the western edge of California Central Valley, towards Los Angeles. State Highway 99 runs through Sacramento, connecting them to Marysville and Yuba City in the north, and from Fresno and Bakersfield in the south.

As bicycles are a popular means of transport among city residents, the authorities decided to adapt all urban facilities and pavements to cycling. At the same time, in order to increase road safety in Sacramento, so-called calming the movement.

Amtrak

Amtrak operates rail traffic in Sacramento. The main station, Sacramento Valley Rail Station (also a stop for high-speed trams), underwent a major renovation in 2007.

Apart from connections to all the larger cities of California, Amtrak provides services on interstate courses. The Coast Starlight route runs through Seattle, Portland, Los Angeles and Santa Barbara, among others. California Zephyr, on the other hand, reaches: Reno, Salt Lake, Denver, Omahy and Chicago.

Sacramento is Amtrak's 2nd busiest station in California and 7th nationwide.

Other transport options

Tram transport in Sacramento

Sacramento and its suburbs are supported by the Sacramento Regional Transit District, the 9th in terms of the number of users of the urban transport system in the United States. Sac RT operates 274 city buses and light rail services, which are used by almost 60,000 passengers every day.

Sacramento Airport serves domestic flights, flights to Mexico and Canada, as well as connecting flights to Europe, Asia and South America.

Bicycle is an increasingly popular means of transport in Sacramento, which is favored by a mild climate and flat terrain. This method of movement is particularly common in the older districts of the city, as well as among people who arrive daily from the suburbs to the center. They then move along bicycle paths, set out in the vicinity of the American River. In 2006, the League of American Bicyclists awarded Sacramento the title of a community friendly to silver bikes. There are numerous campaigns in the city to promote this mode of transport, such as "May is a month of bicycle".

To Sacramento are run by suburban bus lines from nearby counties Yuba and San Joaquin.

In 2011, Walk Score singled out Sacramento as the 24th most pedestrian-friendly list among the largest American cities.

Sacramento has eleven twinning cities.

•   Manila, Philippines (1961)
•   Matsuyama, Japan (1981)
•   Jinan, People's Republic of China (1984)
•   Hamilton, New Zealand (1988)
•   Liestal, Switzerland (1989)
•   Chisinau, Moldova (1989)
•   Yongsan, South Korea (1997)
•   San Juan de Oriente, Nicaragua (2006)
•   Pasay, Philippines (2006)
•   Ashkelon, Israel (2009)
•   Bethlehem, Palestine (2009)

• Official website of the city of Sacramento ()
• Official website of the urban tourist office ()
• Sacramento History page ()
• Sacramento in city-data.com (en)